Fluorine and chlorine behavior in chlorine-rich volcanic rocks from White Island, New Zealand

Extraordinarily high chlorine-bearing volcanic bombs were erupted from White Island volcano on January 25, 1987. The concentrations of fluorine and chlorine were measured in these paralava bombs and their likely parent rocks. The paralavas contain glass with over 1.0 wt.% and up to 1.7% of chlorine. The F/Cl ratios and their relationship with other constituents show that the fluorine and chlorine in the bombs were derived from hydrothermal fluid, most likely concentrated brine in an active Crater Pool.     

Green synthesis of bio-ethyl acetate over Egyptian natural red clay as a highly active,selective, and eco-friendly catalyst

The present work focused on the utilization of Egyptian red clay (ERC) without any treatment as a highly efficient, selective, and eco-friendly catalyst for synthesis of bio-ethyl acetate in the gas phase. The best conditions used in conventional fixed bed reactor were 130 cm³/min total flow rate of air with 1.6 and 2.1 vol% bio-ethanol and bio-acetic acid, respectively, 1 g clay catalyst calcined at 300 and 225°C reaction temperature. Under these conditions, the conversions to ester achieved were about 80 and 98% after 5 and 30 min, respectively, from the initial admission of the reactants into the reactor. The amount and type of surface acidity were identified by isopropanol reaction and chemisorption of basic probes. The results demonstrated that the majority of intermediate strength of BrØnsted acid sites are the key role for the dehydration reaction toward ester formation. The virgin and annealed clay solids were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N₂ sorption.     

Polypyrrole–montmorillonite nanocomposite as sorbent for solid‐phase microextraction of phenolic compounds in water

A fiber‐coated polypyrrole–montmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared for solid‐phase microextraction. The fiber coating can be prepared easily; it is mechanically stable and exhibits relatively high thermal stability. The prepared fiber was evaluated for the extraction of some phenolic compounds from aqueous sample solutions by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The effects of the extraction and desorption parameters including extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring rate, ionic strength, pH and desorption temperature and time have been studied. At optimum conditions, the repeatability for one fiber (n = 5), expressed as % relative standard deviation was between 6.5 and 7.8% for the phenolic compounds. The detection limits for the studied phenolic compounds were between 0.05–1.3 ng/mL. The developed method offers the advantage of being simple to use, with shorter analysis time, lower cost, thermal stability of the fibers, and high relative recovery in comparison to conventional methods of analysis.     

基于FDM-DEM耦合的冲击损伤大理岩静态断裂力学特征研究

为探究循环冲击损伤后大理岩的静态断裂力学特征,基于有限差分（finite difference method,FDM）-离散元（discrete element method,DEM）耦合的建模技术构建了三维分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）数值模型,其中杆件系统和岩石试件分别采用FLAC3D和PFC3D程序建模。利用该模型对中心直切槽半圆盘（NSCB）试样进行了恒定子弹速度下的循环冲击,随后对受损试样进行静态三点弯曲断裂实验。通过编写Fish程序,提取试样断裂面数据,对断裂面进行重构并定量计算表面粗糙度。通过与相关室内实验结果的对比分析,验证了本文数值分析的合理性与可靠性。模拟结果表明,随着循环冲击次数的增加,试样内部微裂纹、破碎颗粒均增加。连接力场分布混乱,部分力链发生断裂。力链的变化是试样力学性能劣化的根本原因。在静态三点弯曲断裂实验中,冲击5次后试样的静态断裂韧度较天然试样产生一定程度的降低。试样在静载过程中产生的微裂纹和碎块的数量随循环冲击次数的增加而增加,断裂面粗糙度随循环冲击次数的增加而增加。     

Micromechanical analysis of the behavior of stiff clay

Cementations formed in geological timescale are observed in various stiff clays.A micromechanical stress strain model is developed for modeling the effect of cementation on the deformation behavior of stiff clay.The proposed approach considers explicitly cementations at intercluster contacts,which is different from conventional model.The concept of inter-cluster bonding is introduced to account for an additional cohesion in shear sliding and a higher yield stress in normal compression.A damage law for inter-cluster bonding is proposed at cluster contacts for the debonding process during mechanical loading.The model is used to simulate numerous stress-path tests on Vallericca stiff clay.The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between the predicted and the measured results.In order to explain the stress-induced anisotropy arising from externally applied load,the evolution of local stresses and local strains at inter-cluster planes are discussed.     

基于DPM系统的风化岩软弱区定位以及性质描述

风化岩体中存在软弱区,这些软弱区导致岩体的力学性能大幅度降低。现阶段往往采用地质钻孔取样对岩体中的软弱区进行定位以及性质分析。但是,由于造价以及工期方面的原因,地质钻孔数量非常有限,这些软弱区很难被有效定位,这在分析风化岩体的力学性能中造成了很大的隐患,成为边坡、基坑设计施工过程中岩体失稳的重要原因。本文介绍了一个风化岩体软弱区定位和性质描述的新方法。该方法应用钻孔过程监测系统(DPM)对土钉、锚杆、抗滑桩以及其他加固体的钻孔过程进行监测,无需取样,通过对钻孔过程数据的分析,实现对软弱区的定位和性质描述。工程实例证明,基于DPM系统的钻孔过程分析方法能够快速有效的定位和描述风化岩体中的软弱区。该方法的出现为风化岩体的工程勘察提供了新的思路,为基于该方法的岩体质量评价系统的建立打下了坚实的基础。     

盐岩流变特性及盐腔长期稳定性研究进展

介绍了地下盐腔长期运营过程中盐腔收敛变形和有效容积丧失等问题, 从盐岩流变实验研究、盐岩流变本构关系建模、盐腔长期稳定评价等方面综述了盐岩流变学研究进展. 文章指出, 将盐岩流变本构模型与流变过程中盐岩微细观尺度上的损伤演化物理机制相融合, 是盐岩流变学一个值得关注的研究方向.     

层内爆炸压裂岩石破碎颗粒尺寸的预测模型

借鉴爆破工程经验,结合层内爆炸压裂实际,应用能量守恒原理,将液体炸药爆炸形成的冲击波能 量分为岩石破碎的表面能和岩石内部的应变能,结合岩石断裂理论建立了粉碎区内岩石破碎粒径的预测模 型。实例计算层内爆炸压裂形成的岩石颗粒直径为1.43mm。计算结果表明:液体炸药层内爆炸后形成的 岩石破碎颗粒与石油工业中水力压裂使用的支撑剂粒径相当,能够支撑形成具有一定导流能力的裂缝。     

岩石抽提物中极性化合物超高分辨质谱识别

采用具有超高分辨率的负离子电喷雾-傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（ESI FT-ICR MS）分析了储层岩石抽提物中的石油酸及中性氮化物的分子组成,得到了抽提物中杂原子化合物类型分布、等效双键数（Double bonds equivalent,DBE）及碳数分布特征。研究结果表明,储层抽提物中含有多达16种不同杂原子类型的化合物,包括N1、N1O1、N1O2、N1O3、N1S1、N1S2、N2、N2S1、O1、O1S1、O2、O2S1、O1S2、O2S2、O3和O4,其中N1、N1S1、O2及O2S1类具有较高的相对丰度。抽提物中的N1类化合物以咔唑和苯并咔唑类化合物为主;N1S1类化合物以C2~C8烷基取代的咔唑并苯并噻吩类化合物为主;O2类化合物主要为1~2环环烷酸,其次还在抽提物中鉴别出具有较高相对丰度的DBE为5和6的O2类化合物;而O2S1类化合物中以DBE为7和8的O2S1具有最高的相对丰度。     

Kinetics of regioselective acetolysis of epichlorohydrin

The liquid phase acetolysis of epichlorohydrin (ECH) with acetic acid was studied over bentonite clay catalysts and was found to be very active for the selective formation of 1-acetoxy-3-chloro-2-propanol. The reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to epichlorohydrin and obeyed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.